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 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES SHORT QUESTIONS by Sir Peter P. DB, Asst. Professor

 

Objective 2 marks Question

·         What is Environment?/ Define Environment.

Ans: It is everything that surrounds and affects living organisms or it can be referred to the sum total of all living beings and Non Living Beings. It is derived from the French word ‘Environner’ which means to encircle or surround. Environment is defined as the sum total of water, air and land and the inter-relationships that exist among them and with the human beings, other living organisms and materials.

·         The word environment is derived from which word?

Ans: It is derived from French word Environner meaning to encircle or surround.

·         State the statement Finnish National Commission of 1974

 “Environmental education is a way of implementing the goal of environmental protection. Environmental education is not a separate branch of science but is the lifelong integral education.

·         What are the Components/Elements of Environment?

Ans: There are four elements of Environment. They are (i). Physical component or Abiotic component( Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere)

(ii). and Biotic component Biosphere zone of wildlife plants and Animals

(iii). Human and socio-cultural component.

·         When Environment Protection Act was was enacted in India and under which Ministry?

Ans: In 1986, Under Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoFS).

·         What is MoEF and when was it establishment?

Ans: Ministry of Environment and Forest, Since 1986 is looking after all environment related issues and framing guidelines, policies and legislations for environmental protection.

·         What is Ecomark? In 1991, the Government of India in order to increase awareness about the environment has introduced a scheme of eco-lebelling of consumer’s product as Eco-mark of Earthen Pitcher Symbol, a mark of Eco- friendliness and our traditional heritage.

 

Ecomark2.pngEco mark symbols-Earthen pitcher

·         What are Eco-Clubs?

Eco-Clubs set up by Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) refers to group of students involving school children in environmental protection activities like tree plantation and for awareness drives.

·         What are Eco-task forces?

It refers to Army men who are involved in various environment protection activities which is usually directed by Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF).

·         What is Green Advocacy?

Green advocacy are environmental lawyers who plead the cases related to water and air pollution, forest, wildlife etc. for implementing various Acts and Laws related to Environment.

·         What is Green Marketing?

 It refers to the activities of ensuring the quality of products with ISO mark with regard to increasing emphasis on marketing goods that are environment friendly.

·         What is ISO and How many Ecomark or ISO certification made in India?

Ans: ISO stands for International Standard organization. There are about 14000 ISO Certification or Ecomark made in India.

 

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·         What is QMS?                 Quality Mangement

·         What is Green Media?       It refers to spread of Environmental awareness to masses through the medium of television, radio, newspaper, magazines and advertisements etc.

 

·         In which Year the Supreme court of India issued directives to make all curriculum environment- oriented and who were the chief implementing advsors?

            Ans: In the year 1991, Justice Kuldeep Singh- Known as Green Judge and Sh. Mehta, The green Advocate.

·         Who file PIL for environmental awareness that prompted to make compulsory subjects?

             Sh. M.C Mehta in 1988 filed PIL for environmental studies and this petition was known as M.C Mehta vs Union of India.

·         Who is known as Green Judge and Green Advocate?

Ans: Green Judge: Sh. Kuldeep Singh Justice

       Green Advocate: Sh. M.C Mehta, Advocate

 

·         What is environment consultancy?

It refers to experts’ persons, advisors of Environmental who can give guidance for tackling and systematic studies of Environment related problems. Many nongovernmental organization(NGOs) industries and government bodies are engaging environmental consultancy.

How is Envoroment multi disciplinary/ interdisciplinary / integrative  in nature?

It is an interdisciplinary and integrative sciences that deals with the subjects of biology, geology, chemistry, physics, engineering, sociology, health, anthropology, economics, statistics, computers and philosophy to better understand about its mechanisms and working principles.

v  What is the Scope of Environment?

The scope of environmental studies is broad based and it encompasses a large number of areas, topics and aspects. This can be summarized as it covers the study of natural resources- their conservation and management.The study of ecology and biodiversity with list of endangerment of species. The study of environmental pollution and its control measures,Social issues in relation to development and environment, Human population and environment. In the recent years, the scope of environmental studies has changes and expanded dramatically the world over

What is the importance of environmental studies? Or state three importance of environmental education.

Environmental education makes each and every individual aware of the various environmental problems

In a nut shell, the basic and importance of the need environmental education and awareness is to sensitize the students the role of environment and impacts on human life with a view to preserving and sustaining it.

i). To introduce to the students the various issues and problems of the environment like global warming, pollution, loss of species and other health hazard of man in the recent world.

ii). to understand the long sustainability of the human with the environment and their preservation.

iii). To train the students and help realize in facing environmental problems in a right manner and become better citizens of the country and the world.

 

What is a resource?

Ans:  Resource refers to a things or substance which has utility that satisfy the humans wants. Etymologically, resource refers to separate words, re and source that indicate anything or substance that may occur unhindered many times.

Broadly classify resource

v  What are Renewable Resources ?

Ans: The resources which are used by mankind from the starting of human life. Our ancestors used these resources for lighting purposes, transportation, shelter, cooking, heating, protection from wild animals, etc. Renewable resources are also called as ‘Non-Conventional’ sources of energy.

Few examples of renewable resources are sun, wind, tidal energy, forests, mountains, soil, water bodies, animals and wildlife resources, atmospheric resources and lot more.

v  What are non Non-Renewable Resources?

Ans: The resources which cannot be easily replaced once they are destroyed are called as the Non-renewable resources. Few examples of Non-renewable resources include few species of plants and animals, minerals, fossil fuels, water, wind, land, soil, and rocks.

§  What are mineral resources? A mineral is a naturally occurring substance, representable by a chemical formula, that is usually solid and inorganic, and has a crystal structure. A mineral is a pure inorganic substance that occurs naturally in the earth’s crust.

§  More than two-thousand minerals have been identified and most of these are inorganic, which are formed by the various combination of elements. However, a small proportion of the earth’s crust contains organic materials, consist of single elements such as gold, silver, diamond, and sulfur.

What are major Categories of Mineral Resources

Mineral resources can be divided into two major categories. Metallic Mineral Resources and Non-metallic Mineral Resources

State the Uses of Minerals

(i). The greatest use of minerals depends on its properties. For instance, Aluminum is light, strong and durable in nature, so it is used for aircraft, shipping, and car industries.

 (ii). Minerals are used in almost all industries. Gold, silver, and platinum are used in the jewelry industry. Copper is used in coin industry and for making pipes and wire. Silicon obtained from quartz is used in the computer industry.

State the Conservation of Mineral Resources

Here are some of the measures to conserve minerals:

·         Use of minerals in a planned and sustainable manner.

·         Recycling of metals

·         Use of alternative renewable substitutes.

·         Technology should be improved to use the low-grade ores profitably

§  Environmental effects of extracting and using mineral resources: Environmental degradation resulting from mining activity in general can be briefly enumerated as follows:

·         Air pollution with dust and gases due to drilling, blasting, mine haulage and transportation by road, and also from waste heaps;

·         Water pollution when atomic elements and other harmful elements are present in the ore/mineral mine effluents;

·         Soil erosion, soil modification with dust and salt;

·         Deforestation affecting flora and fauna; and

 

·         What is Food? Food is an essential requirement for survival of life. Main components are carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals and vitamins.

 

§  What is sustainability?

The definition of “sustainability” is the study of how natural systems function, remain diverse and produce everything it needs for the ecology to remain in balance. It also acknowledges that human civilisation takes resources to sustain our modern way of life.

What are the three pillars of sustainability?

The three pillars of Sustainability are Economic Development, Social Development and Environmental Protection. the Primary Goals of Sustainability are

 

Define sustainable development according to Brutland commission 1987?

According to Brundtland Commission in its 1987 report “Our Common Future”,

“Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

What are the three goals of sustainale development?

Sustainable development has 3 goals: to minimize the depletion of natural resources, to promote development without causing harm to the environment and to make use of environmentally friendly practices

 

 

Short questions

1.      Environment is derived from the french word ‘Environ’ which means to encircle or surround.

2.      World environment is celebrated on on 5th June.

3.      The Un conference on Environment and development was held at  Rio-de Jenneiro

4.      Guru Jambheshwar Ji Maharaj was the saint environmentalist of 15th century who founded Bishnoi Creed

5.      Environment friendly products are given ISO 14000 certifications

6.      The UN conference on environment in 1972 was held at  Stockholm

7.      Nobel peace Prize of 2004 was awarded to  Wangari Mathai

8.      R.K Pauchauri headed  IPCC for whose work on climate changed nobel prize was awarded.

9.      World Population day is celebrated on  July 11

10.  Eco-mark in our country is Earthen Pitcher

11.  The Magsaysay awardee known as ‘water man of India is  Rajendra singh

12.  The scientist turned saint who has been fighting for protection of river ganga is  G.D Agarwal

13.   Subderlal Bahugana is famous for Teri- Bachao Andolan

14.   Sept.16-23 is observed as Ozone week.

 

 

 

ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION

In India: The concern of Environmental protection is not new to India. India is the first country in the world to have made provisions for the protection and conservation of environment in its constitution-Article 48-A and 51(g)

1.      The wildlife Protection Act of 1972.

2.      Water ( Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974

3.      The Forest Conservation Act of 1984

4.      Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981

5.      Environment Protection Act of 1986.

NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENERGY

15.  Renewable resources are inexhaustible resources which can be generated within given space of time. Eg; forest wood, solar energy, wind, tidal energy, hydropower, biomass energy, bio-fuels, geothermal energy and hydrogen.Renewable resources can be regenerated.

16.  Non renewable resources which have accumulated in nature over a long span of time and cannot be quickly replenished Eg. Coal, petroleum, natural gas, minerals, Uranium, thorium.

17.  Conventional source of energy are firewood, fossil fuels, cow dung which we have been using.

18.  Non conventional energy are pollution free like wind, solar, tides, biomass to generate energy.

19.  The examples Bio-fuel are Ethanol, Gasohol and Methanol

20.  Coals can be usually classified as Anthracite (hard Coal), Bituminous(soft coal) and Lignite(brown Coal)

21.  Natural gas is thec cleanest fossil fuel.

22.  CNG stands for Compressed Natural Gas

23.  SNG stands for Synthetic Natural Gas

24.  The energy harnessed from the hot rockls present inside the earth is called geo-thermal energy, eg Mankaran, Kullu, Sohana in Haryana.

25.  Hot waters narturally comes out in the form of Geysers.

26.  OTEC stands for Ocean Thermal Energy conservation –from waves of the seas

27.  Tidal energy  produced by gravitational forces of Sun and moon(High tide and Low tide)

28.  About 1/3rd of the world’s land area is forested which includes closed as well as open forests.

29.  Shifting cultivation is called slash and burn practiced mainly in North-East India, many biodiversity are loss.

30.  Big dams and river valley projects have multi-purpose uses and referred to as ‘ temples of modern Indioa’

31.  97.45 % is salty water(marine) while only 2.6% is fresh water.

32.  Big dams summerged many land areas and are reasons for displacement of tribal people and disapperance of forest.

33.  Jaduguda Uranium mines, Jharkhand exposing local people to radio-active hazards.

34.  Jharia Coal mines, Jharkand –underground fire associated with land subsidence

35.  Sukinda chromite mines, Odhisa- seeping of hexavalent chromium into river posing serious heakth hazards being highly toxic and carcigenic.

36.  Kudremukh iron ore mine, Karnataka- causing river pollution and threat to biodiversity

37.  East Coast bauxite mine, Odhisha- land encroachment and unsettled rehabilitation.

38.  North-Easter Coal field Assam- Sulphur contamination of ground water.

39.  The food and agriculture organization(FAO) of UN estimated average of minimum calorie intake on global scale is 2500 calories per day. People receiving less than this Malnourished.

40.  Deficiency or lack of nutrition often leadfs to malnutrition.

41.  The world food summit 1996 set the target to reduce undernourishesd.

42.  HYV standss for High yielding varieties.

43.   Plant use carbon dioxide(CO2 ) gas for photosynthesis

44.  Deforestation means  cutting of forests

45.  Maximum numbers od dams in India are in the state of  Maharastra

46.  33% of geographical area of a country should be forest area.

47.  Tehri dam is the highest dams on river Bhagirathi in Uttranchal

48.  The Bhakra dams on river satl;uj in H.P. as the largest dam in terms of capacity

49.  Ecological issue related with Tehri Dam was taken up by SH.Sunderlal Bahugana, ther leader of Chipkp movement.

50.  Environmental activitist Medha Patkar has taken up the issues related to Sardar sarovar.

51.   About 67% of the earth surface is covered by water.

52.  Only 0.024 % of total water on earth’s surface is readily available to us in the form of ground water and fresh water.

53.  A layer of sediment or rock that is highly permeable and contain ground water is called an acquifer.

54.  Droughts conditions are created when annual rainfall is below normal and less than evaporation.

55.  The Cauvery river water is a bone of contention between Tamil Nadu and Karnataka

56.  Uranium mining is done in Nalgonda in  Andhra  Pradesh

57.  Aluminium  can be extracted from Bauxite ore.

58.   Excessive use of fertilizers cause nutrient imbalance in soil.

59.  Eutrophication of lakes is caused by ecessive presence of  nitrates and phosphate.

60.  In water logged soils, the plant roots do not get adequate  oxygen for respiration.

61.  Ocean tides are produced by gravitational forces of  sun and moon.

62.  In India,  Sunderban deltas are the tidal power sites

63.  95% of natural gas is  Methane.

64.  During Photosynthesis trees can produce oxygen.

65.  Forests prevents soil erosion from by binding soil particles in their roots.

66.  Wood pulp is used for making paper

67.  Deforestation rate is alarming in Tropical countries.

68.  Major causes of deforestation are all of these ,-shting cultivation, fuel requirements, raw matwerials for industries

69.  Major consequences of deforestation are all othese-destruction of natural habitat of wild species, destruction on hydrological cycle, soil erosion.

70.  Per capita use of water is highest in USA

71.  Ground subsidence occurs due to withdrawl of more ground water than its recharge.

72.  Which of the following dreams to become the water super power in the middle-east countries-Turkey.

73.  The Satluj-Yamuna link (SYL) canal dispute is between Punjab and Haryana

74.   Over grazing results in soil erosion

75.   Blue baby syndrome(methaemoglobinemia is caused by the contamination of water due to nitrates.

76.  Accumulation of non- biodegradable materials in the food chain is called Biomagnification.

77.  Natural geysers which operate due to geo-thermal energy are present in  both of these-Manikaran in Kullu and Sohana in Haryana.

78.  Biomass energy can be obtained from  all of these- energy plantations, Petro crops, agricultural and urban waste biomass.

79.  Which of the following types of coal has maximum carbon-  Anthracite hard coal

80.  Nuclear energy can be generated from by both Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.

81.  The minimum time needed for the formations of one inch of top soils is  200 years old

82.  Minimum  disturbance is caused to soil during   No till farming

83.  The following deforestation, overgrazing, mining are responsible for deforestation.

84.   Alley cropping or Agro forestry is a form of inter-cropping in which crops are planted between rows of trees and shrubs.

ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEM

85.  The term ecology was coined by Ernst Haeckel in 1869. It is derived from Greek word.

86.   AG Transley (1935)  defined  ecosystem. It is the fundamental unit of ecological studies.

87.   Ecosystem includes  both biotic(living) and abiotic components(non living).

88.  Food chain : tht sequence of eating and being eaten in an ecosystem

89.  .Food web is the interconnected food chain.

90.  In food chain, there are three stages-Producers-consumers and decompers.

91.   Producers are green plants and grass that produce their own food through photosynthesisby susunloght. They are also known as photo auototrophs.

92.  Chemosynthetic organisms or chemo-autotrophs- they are micro-organism which can produce organic matter to some extent through oxidation of certain chemicals in the absence of sunlight.

93.  Consumers feed on producers or get food from other organisms.They are Hervivores(plant eaters), Carnivorous (meat eaters), Omnivorous (feed on both plants and animals)

94.  eg of Hervivores known as primary consumers eg-rabbit, insect, man

95.  Carnivorous  known as secondary consumers, feed on hervivores-eg, tiger, lion

96.   Omnivores basically belong to man and are tertiary consumers.

97.  Decomposers derive their nutrition by breaking down the complex organic molecules, eg, bacteria, fungi

98.   Detritivores(detritus feeders or Saprotrophs):  they feed on the parts of dead organisms, wasrte of living organisms or decomposed matter, eg-beetles, termites, ants, crabs, earthworms, vulture.

99.  The pyramid of  biomass can be upright or inverted.

100.      The pyramids of energy is always upright.

101.      Energy flows from one organisms to another in an ecosystem in a unidirectional manner.

102.       Nutrients move in a cyclic manner within an ecosystem

103.      Nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorous etc move in circular paths through biotic and abiotic components known as bio-geochemical cycles.

104.      water also moves in cyclic manner known as hydrological cycles.

105.       Grassland ecosystem- (Tropical grassland-Savannas, tall grasses and many wild animals in Africa), (Temperate grassland Prairies in Canada) (Pampas in south America), (Velds in Africa) (Steppes in central Asia and Europe).

106.      Permafrost: A thick layer of ice remains frozen under the soil surface throughout the year in Polar grassland artic area.

107.      Desert ecosystem consists of  (Tropical deserts are Sahara, Nambia in Africa, Thar desert in Rajasthan), (Temperate deserts like Mojave in southern california) (Cold deserts are Gobidesert in China)

108.      Aquatic ecosystems consists of fresh water and marine ecosystem.

109.       Fresh water ecosystem are (Lentic ,the  Standing type eg, Ponds and lakes) (Lotic – free flowing type like rivers and streams).

110.       Lake ecosystem consists  littoral zone-a shallow water zone, sunlight flows , limnetic zone—an open water  zome where solar penetration takes place.  Profundal zone- a deep bottom area where light penetrate is negligible or sunlight cannot pass.

111.      Planktons: that float on the surface of waters eg. Phytoplanktons, algae and zooplanktons like rotifers.

112.       Nektons that swims eg. Fish

113.       Neustons that rest or swim on the surface of lake

114.       Benthos that are attached to bottom sediments eg. Snails,Oyester

115.       Periphytons that are attached or clinging  to other plants eg. Crustaceans.

116.       Oligotrophic lakes-have low nutrient concentrations.

117.      Eutrophic lakes whichare are over nourished by nutrients –covered with alga blooms eg- Dal lake in Jammu and Kashmir.

118.      Dystrophic lake that have low PH, high humic acid content and brown water eg-bog lakes

119.       Desert salk lake has high contents of salts, Sambhar lake in Rajasthan.

120.      Estuary:  it is a transitional or meeting point where mouth of a river fresh water and salty sea water meet.

121.       The biggest flower in the plant kingdom is  Rafflesia.

122.      Thec organisms which feed on dead organisms, wastes of living organisms are called Detritivores.

123.      The progressivew accumulation of some non- bio degradable chemicals through the food chain is known as  Biological magnification.

124.      Gross primary production(GPR) is highest in  wet Tropical forests

125.      The type of succession occuring on a bare rock is called  Lithosere

126.      The tropical grasslands in africa with tall grasses scattered with shrubs and stunted trees are called Savannas.

127.      The darker zone in lakes where light light penetration is negligible is called Profundal zone.

128.      The over nourished lakes with ‘algal blooms; are called Eutrophic lakes.

129.      Estuaries have all the following characteristics –fresh and salt water, rich biodiversity, high productivity.

130.      The process of  ecological succession are nudatiobn, invasion, competitition and coaction, reaction.

131.      Nudation: development of bare area without any life form

132.      Invasion ; is the succesful establishmement of one or more species

133.      Lithosere- vegetation starting on a bare rocks

134.       Psammosere: vegetaion starting on sand

135.      Halosere: vegetation starting from  on saline soil

136.      Xerachs or Xerosere: vegetatation starting in a dry are with little moisture.

137.      Mesarch: vegetation in an area of adequate moisture.

BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVBATION

138.      The British biologist Norman Myers coined the term "biodiversity hotspot" in 1988

139.      The convention on Biological diversity(CBD) was held in 1992 on earth summit at Rio-de-Jeneiro, Brazil.

140.      India is one of the 12 mega-diversity countries in the world.

141.      In terms of plant richness, the rank of India in the world is 10th

142.      Globally, there are 25 biodiversity-hot spot of which three are found in Indian region.

143.      The hot spot covering less than 2% of the world’s land area are found to have about 50% of the terrestrial  biodiversity.

144.      India has 47,000 species of plants and 81000 species of animals which is about 7% and 6.5 % of global flora and fauna.

145.      There are three levels of biodiversity –Genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity.

146.      At local level, there are four types of species richness-Point richness, Alpha richness, Beta, richness and Gamma richness.

147.      Point  richness refers to the number of species that can be found at a single point in a given space.

148.      Alpha richness refers to the number of species found in a small homogenous area.

149.      Beta richness refers to the rate of change in species composition acrosss different habitats.

150.      Gamma richness refers to the rate of change across large ladscape gradients.

151.      Extinct species;  A species is said to be extinct when it is not seen in the wild for 50 years at a stretch, eg-dodo, passenger pigeon.

152.      Endangered species:  when its number has been reduced to a critical level or whose habitats have been drastically reduced.If not protected they may face danger of extinction eg;Red Panda found in the himalayas has become endangered, the mighty tiger, white tiger, great Indian Bustard.

153.      Vulnerable species: If its population is facing continous decline due to over exploitation or habitat destruction.such species are abundant but under a serious threat ex. The Andaman Hor Shoe Bat endemic to India is a vulnerable species.

154.      Rare species; species which are not endangered or vulnerable at present, but are at risks.

155.      Endemic- species restricted only to a particular area. India has 62% of amphibians and 50% of lizards endemic to  western ghats.

156.      Red data book giving the list of endangered species of plants and animals is published by IUCN

157.      Western ghats are the site of maximum endemism.It has large number of endemic frog species.                                                                                

158.      In India, there are 7 major biosphere reserves, 80 national parks, 420 wild life sanctuaries and 120 botanical gardens in our country covering 4% of the geographic area.

159.      Biospheric reserves of India are Nanda Devi, (U.P), Nongkrek (Meghalaya) Manas (Assam), Sunderbans (west bengal), Gulf of Mannar (Tamil Nadu), Nilgiri(karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu) great Nicobars and Similipal  (orissa) biosphere reserve.

160.      Within biosphere there may be one or two national parks.

161.      When variations occur within a species due to new combinations of genes, this is called  genetic diversity.

162.       Shannon-Wiener index gives a measure of  species diversity

163.      Drugs, fuelwood and food derived from bio-diversity represent consumptive value of biodiversity.

164.      Quinine is obtained from the bark of  Cinchona tree.

165.      There are 34 biodiversity hot spot in the world of which three exist in India,-Western Ghat, Eastern himalaya-north-East and Indo-Burma hot spot region.

166.      Loss of habitats in installments leading to small scattered patches is known as habitat fragmentation

167.      Illegal killing of prohibited endangered animals is called poaching.

168.      Nanda devi, Manas and sunderbans are examples of Biosphere reserves

169.       Himalayan, western ghats and  deserts are biogeographic habitat of India while Sunderban is not.

170.      Vinblastin and vincristine, two anti-cancer drugs are obtained from  periwinkle.

171.      Western ghats are very rich in endemic species of  Amphibians

172.      Which of the following hot spots of biodiversity has the maximum number of plant and vertebrates- Tropical Andes.

173.      The examples of In-situ conservartion are  biosphere reserve, wildlife sanctuary, eco-parks and national parks

174.      The examples of Ex-situ are botanical garden, zoos, gene banks, seeds banks and culture collections etc

175.      Kaziranga national park is famous for one-horned rhino.

176.      There are only two sanctuaries in India dealing with preservation of plants. The plants are Citrus-Pitcher plants.

177.      Cryopreservation of plant seeds and pollen is done at a very low temperature of -196 degree by using liquid nitrogen.

178.      Corbett(Uttrakhand), Dudwa(UP), Ranthambore(Rajasthan), Kanha(Madhya pradesh), Sariska  (rajasthan) national park have tiger as their main wild life 

179.       Gir national park, Gujarat is for Indian  Lion,

180.      Bandipur(karnataka) national park   is for elephant.

181.      Periyar, Kerala national park is for elephant and tiger.

182.      Dachigam national park (J&K) is for Hangul.

183.      Ghana Bird sanctuary is in Rajasthan having 300 species of birds including migratory birds.

184.      Hazaribagh Sanctuary (Bihar) is for tiger and leopard

185.      Sultana bird sanctuary Haryana is for migratory birds.

186.       Nal saovar bird sanctuary (gujarat) and Vedanthangal bird sanctuary is for water birds.

187.      Abohar wild life sanctuary, Punjab is for Black bug.

188.       Largest national parks: Hemis National Park, Jammu and Kashmir1981,4400sq.km        Largest National park in India.

189.      The highest number of  wild life sanctuary is found in Andaman Nicobar Islands

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND DISASTER

190.      Air pollution is an atmospheric condition in which certain substances are present in concentrations which cause undesirable effect on man and his environment.

191.      The main pollutants emitted by thermal power plants are fly ash and SO2.

192.      Sulphur dioxide during coal burning is produced due to oxidation of  sulphur contained in coal.

193.      CO2 has affinity for haemoglobin 210 times more than oxygen.

194.      Air pollutants affects plants by entering through Stomata

195.      Noise levels considered as threshold of pain are 140 db(decibels)

196.      Sound frequency is expressed in Hertz(HZ)

197.       As per environmental protection act (second Amendment rules), 1999, the permissible noise levels for fire crackers are 125 db

198.      MINAMATA DISEASE occurred due to consumption of fish contaminated with Mercury.

199.      BLUE BABY SYNDROME is caused by the presence of  nitrate in drinking water

200.       Power plants utilize only  1/3 rd of the energy provided by fossil fuel for their operation.

201.      Radio-active strotinium affects bones by depositing in the bones instead of  calcium

202.      The point where first movement occurs during earth quake is called epicenter.

203.      Various forms of cyclones are hurricannes, katrina, typhoons and willy willies.

204.      The most indoor air pollutant is  Radon gas.

205.      Damage to leaf structure by air pollutants causes dead areas of leaf, chlorophyll reduction, dropping of leaf.

206.       Air pollutants mixing up with rain causes high acidity.

207.      The amount of ozone concentration is measured ny Dobson units-220 dobson units.

208.       Industrials waste may contain toxic  chemicals, phenols, acids

209.      Dissolved oxygen in water comes from photosynthesis of aquatic plants and atmosphere.

210.      ITAI-ITAI disease in Japan was caused by consumption of rice contaminated with  Cadium

211.      THERMAL POLLUTION can be controlled by cooling ponds, spray ponds and cooling towers.

212.      Oil in water affects fish by affecting Gills.

213.      Gamma rays have more penetrating power  than Alpha particles and beta particles

214.       BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY, 1984  occurred due due to likeage MIC (methyl Isocyanite)

215.       CHERNOBYLL NUCLEAR DISASTER, 26 April 1986 was the Worst form of catastrophic Nuclear disaster in terms of cost and casualties. The wind carried the radiation to the neighbouring areas of Europe. Vast area was contaminated Explosion of Uranium and Graphite (radio-active particles) releases 190 tons of radioactive gases into the atmosphere.

216.      Furukshima Nuclear reactor disaster which occurred on 11th march, 2011 is second biggest nuclear disaster after chernobyll caused by Tsunami earth quake.

217.      Fluoride is present in varying levels in almost all types of water. It causes fluorosis in India and it is a national problem. The highest concentration comes from Haryana, rewari district.

218.      West Bengal and Bangladesh are severely contaminated by the toxic heavy metal ARSENIC in water.

219.      Ground water pollution with arsenic, fluoride and nitrate are posing serious health hazards.

220.      Earth quake frequency  is enhanced by failure of  big dams, Under ground nuclear testing and deep well disposal of liquid waste.

221.      The great Indian ocean earthquake occurred on december 26th, 2004 is one of the dealiest disaster and known as Asian Tsunami.

222.      Tsunamis are earth-quake generated waves in water bodies seas and oceans.

223.      Teletsunami- A tsunami which causes damage far away from its source.

224.      Earthquake is measured by instrument called ritcher scale.

225.      The largest earthquake ever recorded occurred on May 22, 1960 in Chile with estimated magnitude of 9.5 on ritcher scale.

226.      CNG(compressed nartural gas) contain Methane gas

POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHY

227.      Th  present world population has just crossed – 6 billion

228.      Indian contribute 17.5 percent to global poulation.

229.      China and India jointly account for 37% to global poulations.

230.      Asia contribution to global poulation is 59.76%

231.      2011 census, India had density of  382 persons, West bengal has the highest density of 1028 persons while Arunachal pradesh has the lowest density of poulation with Arunachal pradesh only 17 persons per sq.km

232.      Among union territory, Delhi has the highest density with 11320 persons.

233.      India is the second most poulated country of the world after China.The Population of India as per 2011 census is 124.72 crores(1.21 billion) , about 1210.2 millions  in 2011 census

234.      If a nation has has an annual growth rate of 2%, its populatio will double in- 35 years

235.      Expanding population trend is predicted for the coming years when age-pyramid is pyramid shaped.

236.      Density of population is the number of persons living per sq.km or square mile.

237.      Macau is the most densely populated of the world where as Mongolia has the lowest density of Poulation.

238.       Every  6th person in this world is an indian

239.      Which state in India has the lowest Birth-rate- Kerala

240.      Birth rate is the number of babies born every year per 1000 populations. It also represented as CBR (Crude Birth Rate)

241.      Death rate is the number od deaths every year per 1000 populations.It is also represented as CDR(Crude Death Rate)

242.      MMR stands for Maternal Mortality Rate, it is the number of death of maternal or mother per 1lakh live birth.

243.      (ZPG)Zero Population Growth: when birth rate plus immigration in a population are just equal to deaths plus emigration.

244.      Sex-ratio- Male -female ratio: It is the number of females per 1000 males.

245.      The sex ratio of India is 107.48 i.e India has 930 females per 1000 male population.

246.       UAE (united Arab Emirates)has the lowest sex ratio in the world with only 26.7% where as Sierra lone has the highest sex ratio.

247.      Kerala has the highest sex ratio while Haryana has the lowest sex ratio.

248.      When a population increases by a constant amount per unit time eg; 1,3,5, 7 etc or arithmethical growth, linear growth

249.      When a population increases by a fixed percentage, eg 10, 102, , 103 or 2,4,8,16, 32 etc it is called exponential growth or geometrical growth.

250.      Doubling time: the time needed for a population to double its size at a constant annual rate is known as doubling time. It is calculated as Td=70/r. if a nation has 2% annual growth rate, its population will in 35 years.

251.      Total fertility Rate(TFR): key measures of a nations population growth.It is defined as the average number of children that would be born to a women in her lifetime.

252.      Infant Mortality rate(IMR): it is the percentage of infantsdied out of those born in a year.

253.      Replacement model: Two parents bearing two children will be replaced by their offspring.

254.      Age sex structure: are based upon people belonging to to three different age class, young(0-14), Mature(15-45), Old(45 years above0.

255.      There are three types of age sex structure-Pyramid shaped, bell shaped, Urn shaped- developing ,

256.      Pyramids shape include- under developed nations, they have broad base and narrowing matue and old age.India, african, Bangladesh, Ethiopia etc

257.      Bell shaped include occurs in France, USA, Canada,  where there is more or less have uniform broad base with lessening old age.

258.      The Urn shaped include Germany, Italy, Hungary, sweden Japan where numbers of young individual are smaller than the middle reproductive ages.

259.      Life expentacy is the average life span of male or female. The present global life span is 65.5 years..

260.       India, now has average life span of  60.3 years for male and 60.5 years for females

261.      Kerala has the highest life expentancy while Assam has the lowest life expentancy

262.      The highest life expentancy is Monaco with 89.52 years followed by Japan, singapore, Sweden etc. while  Angola has lowest life expentancy of 38.76 years.

263.      Demographic transition theory is the pattern of population growth at different stages. There are four stages.High birth rate and high death rate, High birth rate and declining death rate, decreasing  low birth rate and declining  death rate, declining birth rate and declining death rate.

264.      India is at stage 3 with low birt rate and declining death rate.

265.      Bihar has the highest birth rate whereas kerala has the lowest birth rate.

266.      Malthusian theory: Human populations grow at exponential, geometrical or compound rate while food increases by verly slowly and steady, arithmathic or linear rate.

267.      Marxian theory involves pattern of production like capitalist laboyur is the cause of high rise in poulation.

 

HUMAN RIGHTS (Women and child)

268.      UNDHR (universal declaration of human rights) by the UNO was adopted and given on december 10, 1948

269.      In june 1993, the Vienna world conference on human rights emphasis on the need for economic and social rights were considered equal to the west’s political and civil rights.

270.      On 16th May, 1994 at Geneva, the united Nations drafted the first ever declaration of human rights and environment which embodies the right to healthy, secure and ecologically sound environment.

271.      The Human rights and enveironment consists of Five parts draft declaration.

272.      In vienna  world conference on Human rights, 1993 emphasis was laid  for developing countries on –Economic rights

273.      Declaration of human rights and environment was drafted by the United nations at Geneva

274.       Women cells  that exist almost everywhere and fight for protection  of women rights and dignity.

275.      There is a full fledged ministry for women and child development who worked for overall welfare of women.

276.      Female Infanticide: it is the deliberate killing of newborn female children. It is a major concern in India, China, Bang;adesh.

277.      In India, female infanticide is most common in Northern India, UP, Bihar, MadhyaPradesh, Rajasthan.

278.      India has made strict rules –that sex determination and abortion before birth is prohibited in India and a punishable offence.

279.      United Nations decaddes for women has been during1975-1985

280.      CEDAW, 1979 ( international conventions on the elimination of all forms of dicrimination discrimination against women)

281.      When birth plus immigration in a population are just equal to death plus emigration, it os known as zero population growth

282.      Rights of a child have become international law in the year-1990

283.      The national network for women and Mining(NNWM) in different mining states of India is rightly fighting for Gender Audit.

284.      The UN general Assembly in 1959 adopted the declaration of the rights of the child.

285.      The word summit on children held on september 30, 1990

286.      India is a signatory of world declaration on survival, protection and development of children.

287.       A national plan for children in India was formulated by MHRD( ministry of Human resource and development).

288.      Children are most affected by environmental pollution

 

 

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

289. The WHO reports that more than 13 million deaths due to environmetal exposure

290. More than 33% of diseases in children below 5yrs are due to environmental exposure.

291. About quarter of the diseases in the world are due to environmental exposure while it is lone third in less developed countries.

292. Malaria and diarrhoea are the world two biggest killer diseases of childhood.

293. There are various types of paraites that causes diseases like malaria, schistosomiasis, filariasis. Most of these takes place whenthe environmental conditions are unclean and unhygienic.

294. Toxic chemicals are poisonous chemicals which kill cells and cause death.

295. Carcinogenic- Chemicals  or agents that cause cancer

296. Mutagenic-  chemical affecting genetic material DNA in cells

297. Teratogenic- chemical causing abnormalities during embryonic growth and development.

298. Neurotoxins-  chemical affecting nervous system

299. Many chemicals like DDT and other chlorinated pesticides bioaccumulate in food chain.

300. Many chemical substances present in wasteswaters like like heavy metals-mercury, cadium lead etc) fluoride and nitrate can also affect human health.

301. Metals can contaminate food while cooking in various types of utensils like alloys and steel.

302. Containers for canned food  especially which are acidic in nature, contaminate food with lead

303. Lead also comes in water through water pipes during plumbing processes.

304. Various alcoholic beverages contain lead while tobacco contains Cardium.

305. The other affecting human health are air pollution, noise pollutions, radiations diet systems-malnutrition and settlement conditions in slum areas and unclean environment.

306. Radiation has both short-term and long term changes in various organs. Cosmic rays and ultra violet rays causes health hazards.

307. Dropsy symtoms- a disease which occurred due to contamination of mustard oil with poisonous seed of Argemone mexicana.

308. Alderated pulses, condiments, oils sold in the market affect human health.

FAMILY PLANNING

309. The united nations family planning agency provides fund to 135 countries.

310. The WHO (world health organizations) estimatesonly about 50% married couples adopt family planning .

311.  China adopted one child policy

312. India started the family planning in 1952

313. In 1978, the government raised the legal minimum age for marriage from 18 to 21 for men and 15 to 18 years for women.

314.  Andra pradesh has just achieved ZPG in 2001. In contrast bihar and UP have showed increased in their growth rate by 2.5%

ENVIRONMENTAL DATA

315. ENVIS stands for Environment informartion system dealing with data, information on environment and diseases.

316. ENVIS generates database on Coastal ecology, biodiversity, occupational health –all of these

 

317.  What has been constituted by the ministry of environment and forests for generating data base on various environmental aspects-ENVIS

318. GIS stands for Geographical Information system basically used maps for providing status on land-use and land cover vegetation, urban, ground water

319. WWW stands for world wide web.

320. CSE stands for centre for science and Environment

321. IT stands for information technology

322. DICs stand for Distribution Information centres

323.  National management Information system (NMIS) complies data on research and projects on environment.

 

AIDS- PROBABLE short questions

324. Full form of AIDS is  acquired immino deficiency syndrome

325. India ranks third position in the world interms of affected by HIV /AIDS with population of 32 lakhs or 2.1 million.

326. Six countries India – India china, Indonesia, Myanmmar, Thailand and Vietnam account for more than HIV in the region.

327. The highest ranks in HIV-AIDS is South africa followed by Nigeria.

328.  HIV infected persons shows a decline in which cells, thereby reducing their immune system- T-Cells.

329. HIV can pass from infected persons to others by- contaminated syringe, cut, sex and not by sweat, saliva,  sweat and normal kissing.

330. STD stands for sexually transmitted disease

331. According to recent estimate about 40 million people are living with HIV/AIDS world wide of which 70% of them live in Sub Saharan Africa.

332. In India the state of Andhra pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharastra, Nagaland and Manipur where HIV prevalence has crossed 1% among pregnant.

333.  Manipur and Chennai are found to show transmission of the HIV through injecting drugs while Chennai through Sex workers.

334. Andhra pradesh leads the highest number of AIDS in India while Manipur ranks highest in North-East India basically through drugs.

335.  AIDS virus destroys immune system of human and animals

336. AIDs was discovered in 1983

337. Truvada as a preventive measure for healthy population which is at risk of acquiring HIV through sexual activity.

338. Letvin’s team vaccinated monkeys against simian immunodeficiency virus or SIV

 

2 Mark Question with answer

UNIT-I

1. State the significance and scope of environmental education? Importance/Significance of the Environmental Studies: Environmental studies

• is concerned with the importance of wild life and its protection

• explains the significant role of biodiversity in establishing ecological balance

• introduce about environmental degradation, problems of pollution and their controlling measures

2. What is deforestation?

The destruction of forest resources by many natural or man-made activities is called deforestation.

3. What is soil erosion?

The detachment and movement of topsoil by the action of wind and flowing water.

4. What do you mean by overgrazing?

Overgrazing is grazing by livestock or wildlife to the point where the grass cover is depleted, leaving bare, unprotected patches of soil.

 

5. List the important causes of water conflicts?

• Severe water shortages

• construction of a dam.

• the use of shared rivers

• Fishing

• Pollution

6. What is land degradation?

Land degradation refers to loss of fertility or productive capacity of the soil.

7. What do you mean by desertification? Desertification is a slow process of land degradation that leads to desert formation.

8. What are land slides? Rapid down ward movement of a mass of rock,earth or artificial fill or plant debris on a slope is called land slide.

9. What are renewable and non renewable energy resources?

Renewable energy resources are those natural resources which are in exhaustible and can be used to produce energy again and again.

Non renewable energy resources are those natural resources which are exhaustible and cannot be replaced once they are used.

10. State the role and responsibility of an individual in the prevention of pollution?

• Plant trees, shrubs, and groundcover on your property to benefit the environment.

• If you are on a septic tank system, prevent leakage by making sure it is regularly inspected and properly maintained.

• Avoid the usage of two wheelers or four wheelers, instead use public transport systems like bus or train.

• Use bicycle or travel by foot while going to near by places

• Buy recycled products

UNIT-II

1. Define eco system?

An ecosystem can be defined as an area with in the natural environment consisting community of living beings and the physical environment, both interacting and exchanging materials between them.

2. Define food chain and food web?

Food chain is defined as the sequence of organisms directly dependent on one another for food in an eco system.

Food web is defined as an interconnection of many food chains in an ecosystem.

3. What is ecological succession?

The gradual process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive

replacement of one community by another in a definite order until a stable community is established over a period of time.

4. What is ecological pyramid?

A pyramid-shaped diagram representing quantitatively the numbers of organisms,energy relationships, and biomass of an ecosystem;

5. What is bio diversity?

'Biodiversity' is defined as the variety of all biological life such as plants, animals, and microorganisms, the genes they contain and the ecosystems they live in.

6. Define genetic diversity and species diversity?

Genetic diversity refers to bio diversity due to genetic variation with in each species. Species diversity refers to the variety of different types of living things on earth.

7. What do you mean by hot spots of bio diversity?

Hot spots are the areas that are extremely rich in bio-diversity, have high level of endemism and are under constant threat of species extinctions and habitat destruction.

8. What is red data book?

Red Data Book is a book that provides data on population status of the endangered species of plants and animals.

9. What are endemic species?

Endemic species are those species of plants & animals which are found exclusively in a particular area and not anywhere else.

10. What are endangered species?

Endangered species are those species of plants & animals which are present in such small numbers that it is at risk of extinction.

11. What is flora and fauna?

All forms of plant life that live in a particular geographic region at a particular time in history is called flora.

All animal life that lives in a particular geographic region at a particular time in history is called fauna.

12. Give few examples of endangered and endemic species of india? Endemic species

1 INDIAN DARTER or SNAKE –BIRD

2. LITTLE CORMORANT

Endangered species

1. Lion

2. Tiger

 

 

UNIT-III

1. Define environmental pollution?

Lowering of the quality of environment caused by natural and human activities is called environmental pollution.

2. What is air pollution?

The contamination of the air with dust, fumes, gas, mist, odor, smoke, or vapor which causes harmful effects on living organisms is called air pollution.

3. What do you understand by the term smog?

Smog is mixture of smoke and fog containing particulates.

4. Define photo chemical smog?

Smog produced by the reaction of nitrogen oxides with hydrocarbons in the presence of ultraviolet light from the sun is called photo chemical smog.

5. Define water pollution?

Water pollution is defined as any physical,chemical or biological change in quality of water which causes harmful effects on living organisms.

6. Define marine pollution?

Addition of harmful chemical substances and waste materials to ocean that makes it harmful to aquatic life is called marine pollution.

7. Define thermal pollution or heat pollution?

Addition of excess of undesirable heat to water that makes it harmful to aquatic life is called thermal pollution.

8. Define C.O.D& B.O.D? C.O.D—Chemical Oxygen Demand B.O.D—Biochemical Oxygen Demand

The amount of oxygen in water consumed for chemical oxidation of pollutants is called C.O.D

The amount of oxygen taken up by microorganisms that decompose organic waste matter in water is called B.OD

9. What is soil pollution?

The contamination of soil by chemical or other waste materials resulting in the reduction of its fertility is called soil pollution.

10. What is incineration?It is a treatment technology involving destruction of waste by controlled burning at high temperatures.

11. What is composting?Composting is a process in which biodegradable materials are broken down by micro-organisms in the presence of oxygen. The stable granular decayed material obtained in this process is called compost. It is used as a fertilizer or soil additive.

12. Differentiate recycling from reusing?

Recycling involves collecting used and waste materials from waste streams and using those materials to manufacture new products.

Reusing involves using a product more than once in its original form.

15. What is disaster management?

Disaster management is the process of preparing, supporting, and

rebuilding society when natural or human-made disasters occur.

16. Define earth quake?

Shaking and vibration at the surface of the earth resulting from underground movement along a fault plane or from volcanic activity is called earth quake.

17. Define Tsunami?

Tsunami is a series of large seismic sea waves that can cause major destruction in coastal regions.

18. What are particulates?

Particulates are dispersed solid or liquid particles of microscopic size in gas media.

19. What is Noise pollution?

The unwanted, unpleasant or disagreeable sound of high decibels which causes harmful effect on human health is called noise pollution.

20. What is eutrophication?

The process by which body of water, commonly a lake or pond is enriched by nutrients which leads to excessive plant growth and oxygen depletion.

21. Define flood and cyclone?

Flood is the rising of a body of water and it’s overflowing onto normally dry land . A cyclone is an area of low pressure in the centre and high pressure outside.

22. What are primary and secondary air pollutants?

Primary air pollutants are those which are emitted directly to the atmosphere. Example: Carbon monoxide (CO), Oxides of sulphur (SOX) and Oxides of nitrogen ( NOX ) etc

Secondary air pollutants are those which are produced in the air by the interaction among two or more primary air pollutants or by reaction with normal atmospheric constituents.

Example: Ozone, photochemical smog etc.

 

23. Define pollutant? Any substance which causes lowering the quality of environment is called pollutant.

24. What is meant by point and non point pollution?

Pollution from a single identifiable source such as a factory or a sewage-treatment plant is called point pollution

Pollution that does not come from a single, identifiable source is called non-point pollution.

25. What are the various sources of radioactive pollution or nuclear pollution?

• Cosmic rays from outer space

• Emissions from radioactive materials on the earth’s crust

• Mining and processing of radioactive ores

• Use of radioactive isotopes in medical ,industrial and research applications

• Use of radioactive materials in nuclear weapons.

26. Define solid waste?

Solid waste is a waste type that includes predominantly household waste

(domestic waste) with sometimes the addition of commercial wastes collected by a municipality within a given area.

27. What is hazardous waste?

A substance, such as nuclear waste or an industrial byproduct, which is potentially

damaging to the environment and harmful to humans and other living organisms, is called hazardous waste.

28. Classify air pollutants with suitable examples?

Air pollutants can be classified in to two types namely primary and secondary air

pollutants.

Primary air pollutants are those which are emitted directly to the atmosphere.

Example: Carbon monoxide (CO), Oxides of sulphur (SOX) and Oxides of nitrogen

( NOX ) etc

Secondary air pollutants are those which are produced in the air by the interaction among two or more primary air pollutants or by reaction with normal atmospheric constituents.

Example: Ozone, photochemical smog etc.

29. Write any two examples for water conflicts?

1. Conflict between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu for Kaveri river

2. Conflict between Kerala and Tamil Nadu for Mullaiperiyar dam

Unit –IV

1. Define sustainable development?

The development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

2. Define Acid rain?

Rain containing relatively high concentrations of acids produced by sulfur dioxide,

nitrogen dioxide, and other such gases that result from the combustion of fossil fuels and from certain industrial processes.

3. Define Green house effect?

The phenomenon whereby the earth's atmosphere traps solar radiation, caused by the

presence in the atmosphere of gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane that allow incoming sunlight to pass through but absorb heat radiated back from the earth's surface.

4. What are Green house gases?

Any of the atmospheric gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect are called

Green house gases. These gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (NO2), and water vapor.

5. What is global warming?

Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of Earth which causes

more changes on the climate.

6. What is ozone hole or ozone layer depletion?

Ozone hole is an area of the upper atmosphere where the ozone layer is absent or has

become unusually thin.

7. What is rain water harvesting?

Rainwater harvesting is a technology used for collecting and storing rainwater from

rooftops, the land surface or rock catchments.

8. What is watershed management?

Watershed management is the process of creating and implementing plans,

programs, and projects to sustain and enhance watershed functions

9.What is environmental ethics?

Environmental ethics is the ethical realtionship between human beings and the

environment in which they live.

Unit –V

1. Define population explosion?

A rapid increase in the size of a population caused by a sudden decrease in death

rate or an increase in birth rate is called population explosion.

2. What is value education?

Value education is an education which teaches:

• How to live life well?

• How to find happiness?

• How to make others happy?

• How to behave and communicate with others?

• How to manage all kinds of people as well as happenings?

• How to grow and succeed in the right manner?

3. Write the expansion for HIV and AIDS? HIV- Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus

AIDS- Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome

4. What is doubling time?

The doubling time is the period of time required for a given population to double in

size.

5. What are the objectives of family welfare programmes?

• To increase the female literacy rate.

• To enhance child survival through universal immunization.

• To reduce the birth rate

6. What do you mean by human rights?

Human rights are those basic rights which are essential for the development of human

personality such as right to life, liberty, property and security of an individual.

 

Question/notes

1.      Define the term environment, habitat and biodiversity.

2.      Explain multidisciplinary nature of environment studies.

3.      Differentiate between biotic and abiotic components of environment.

4.      Write the names of various subjects helpful in understanding the biotic and abiotic components of environment.

5.      Discuss the scope of environmental studies.

6.      What is the importance of environmental studies?

7.      Discuss the need of public awareness about environmental problems.

8.      Name the different segments of environment. Explain any one of these.

9.      How can you divide the atmosphere on temperature bases?

10.  What is biosphere? Name Its segments.

11.  What is environmental Chemistry? Describe briefly the segments of the environment.

12.  Write an explanatory note on the multidisciplinary nature of environmental science.

13.  Describe briefly the need of public awareness about the environment.

14.  Describe the scope and importance of environmental studies.

15.  Discuss environmental problems and their effective solutions.

16.  What are renewable and non-renewable resources? Give examples.

17.  What are the major causes and consequences of deforestation?

18.  What is an aquifer? Discuss its types.

19.  What are the environmental impacts of ground water usage?

20.  Should we build big dams? Give arguments in favour of your answer.

21.  What are the uses of various types of minerals?

22.  Discuss the major environmental impacts of mineral extraction.

23.  What is overgrazing? How does it contribute to environmental degradation?

24.  Give a brief account of non-renewable energy resources.

25.  What are solar cells? Draw a diagram and enumerate its applications.

26.  Discuss the merits and demerits of wind energy.

27.  Comment upon the types of energy harnessed from oceans.

28.  What is Biomass, Bio-fuels and Biogas?

29.  What are the use of forests?

30.  What are the effects of constructing dams on forests and people?

31.  What is the importance of water?

32.  Write the problems due to use of modern techniques in agriculture.

33.  Explain Why soil resources are important for human welfare?

34.  What are the methods for conserving soil erosion?

35.  What are the methods for conserving Water resources?

36.  What are the effects of deforestation?

37.  What do you know about desertification?

38.  Discuss the major uses of forests. How would you justify that ecological uses of forests surpass commercial uses?

39.  Discuss with the help of a case study, how big dams have affected forests and the tribals.

40.  Briefly discuss droughts and floods with respect to their occurrence and impacts.

41.  What are the major causes for conflicts over water? Discuss one international and one inter-state water conflict.

42.  What do you mean by
(a)Eutrophication
(b) Super pest
(c) Shifting cultivation
(d) Water logging?

43.  Write short notes on:
(a) Wind Energy
(b) Tidal Energy

44.  What is soil erosion? How can it be checked?

45.  How can an individual conserve different natural resources?

46.  Write short notes on:
(a) Solar energy
(b) Geothermal energy

47.  Discuss the use of forest resources. What are the effects of over-exploitation and deforestation.

48.  Discuss the effects of modern agriculture methods.

49.  What is effect of water logging and salinity on food resources?

50.  Discuss the effects of construction of dams and mining of forests and tribal people.

51.  What are the causes of deforestation? Explain the consequences of deforestation.

52.  Write an essay on water resources. Bring out the effect of over utilization of surface and ground water.

53.  Describe the various energy resources.

54.  Discuss the various renewable and non renewable resources of energy.

55.  Discuss briefly what do you know about land resources.

56.  Write short note on:
(a) Soil erosion
(b) Soil conservation
(c) Water logging

57.  What do you know about equitable use of resources for sustainable life style?

58.  Who coined the term “Ecosystem”?

59.  Define the term ecosystem?

60.  What is meant by food chain?

61.  What is food web?

62.  What are ecological pyramids?

63.  Which type of ecological pyramid is always upright?

64.  What is the primary source of energy for all living organisms?

65.  What are the two main components of an ecosystem?

66.  Define ecological succession.

67.  Name different type of ecological succession.

68.  Name different types of ecosystems.

69.  What are the characteristics of an ecosystem?

70.  Name different types of structural components of an ecosystem.

71.  What are the biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem?

72.  What are trophic levels?

73.  What is a climax community?

74.  What type of organisms are called producers in the ecosystem? What is their role in the ecosystem?

75.  What are decomposers? Explain their role in the ecosystem.

76.  Distinguish between:
(a) Food chain and Food web
(b) Grazing food chain and detritus food chain.

77.  Write a short note on Tropical Rain Forest?

78.  What are the functional aspects of an ecosystem? Why the Pyramids of Energy are always upright?

79.  What is the energy flow of an ecosystem? Show that it is unidirectional.

80.  What are the characteristics of biotic succession? What are the causes of ecological succession?

81.  Explain in detail Xerosere (Xerach) succession?

82.  Explain the different zones of ocean ecosystem?

83.  What are the different zones of a lake ecosystem? Give its structure.

84.  Write short note on tropical rain forest?

85.  Discuss the salient features of estuarine ecosystem.

86.  Give an account of energy flow in an ecosystem.

87.  Describe the biotic components of a grassland ecosystem.

88.  Explain the process of succession in a newly formed pond.

89.  What are the ecological pyramids? Explain the relevance of pyramid of numbers in an ecosystem.

90.  Name and describe the characteristic features of various types of forest ecosystem.

91.  What is ecological succession? Describe the process of ecological succession on a bare rock.

92.  What are food chains and food webs? Give examples and discuss their significance.

93.  Discuss the zonation in ocean. What role is played by oceans in terms of providing resources and regulating climate?

94.  Discuss the structure and function of forest and grass land ecosystem.

95.  Discuss in detail the fresh water and marine water ecosystems with suitable examples.

96.  Define biodiversity.

97.  What are the different levels of biodiversity?

98.  What do you mean by social and ethical value of biodiversity?

99.  What is the aesthetic and optional value of biodiversity?

100.                      How many national parks and sanctuaries are there in India?

101.                      Define hot spot. Name the the hot spots in India.

102.                      What are endemic species?

103.                      What are endangered species?

104.                      What is Cryo-preservation?

105.                      Give the location and important Animals of Corbett National Park.

106.                      Which day is celebrated as “World Environment Day”?

107.                      How many biosphere reserves are found in India?

108.                      How many bio geographical regions have been identified in India? Name any three of them.

109.                      What are IUCN and WWF?

110.                      List some causes of extinction of species.

111.                      Why is India known as ‘Megadiversity Nations’.

112.                      Discuss the biodiversity at National and Global level.

113.                      Define the followings:
(a) Exotic species
(b) Endemism
(c) Red Data Book
(d) Hot Spots
(e) Biosphere Reserves
(f) Endangered Species

114.                      What kind of threats to the biodiversity may lead to its loss?

115.                      What are the various strategies of ex situ conservation of biodiversity?

116.                      Differentiate between in-situ and ex-situ conservation.

117.                      Differentiate between Natural extinction and Man-made extinction.

118.                      Write a short note on IUCN Red data list.

119.                      What are the main objectives of conservation of biodiversity.

120.                      What is extinction of species? Describe the processes which lead to extinction of species.

121.                      How is diversity at all levels generally conserved?

122.                      Discuss India as a mega diversity Nation?

123.                      Discuss the various bio geographical regions with respect to floral diversity in India.

124.                      Write an essay on ‘value of biodiversity’.

125.                      Describe the biodiversity at Global, National and Local levels.

126.                      What are the differences between National Parks, Wild life Sanctuaries and Biosphere reserves?

127.                      Enumerate five name, locations and particular species protected in National Parks, Wild life Sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserves.

128.                      Discuss in detail the conservation strategies of biodiversity.

129.                      Enlist some important steps for the conservation of biodiversity.

130.                      What is meant by pollution and pollutants. Name different types of common pollutants.

131.                      What are the two types of air pollutants. Name any two pollutants of each type of air pollutants.

132.                      Write full forms of the following:
(a) BOD
(b) PAN
(c) CFC’s
(d) COD
(e) MIC

133.                      Name the major air pollutants and their sources.

134.                      Name any two biodegradable and non-biodegradable pollutants.

135.                      Name various sources of air pollution.

136.                      Give an account of adverse effects of air pollution.

137.                      What is particulate matter? How do particulate matter harm human health?

138.                      What are the main sources of water pollution?

139.                      What are the harmful effects of water pollution.

140.                      Mention the cause of:
(a) Smog
(b) Acid rain

141.                      What is noise? What are its effect on human health?

142.                      Differentiate between sound and noise. Give two ill effect of noise pollution.

143.                      What is marine pollution? How can it be controlled?

144.                      What is radioactivity? What are the sources of radioactivity?

145.                      Discuss various effects and control measures of thermal pollution.

146.                      Classify solid waste. How can the solid waste be managed?

147.                      Enlist only five important roles that an individual can play in preventing environmental pollution.

148.                      Write short note on Bhopal gas tragedy.

149.                      What do you know about chernobyl nuclear disaster?

150.                      Define pollution. Describe the causes, effects and control measures of air pollution.

151.                      What are the natural and man made pollutants that cause air pollution? Give and account of indoor air pollution and its adverse effects.

152.                      Enumerate with examples the major sources of surface water pollution and underground water pollution. What are the harmful effects of water pollution?

153.                      What are the main causes of water pollution? How can water pollution be controlled?

154.                      Briefly describe the sources, effects and control of noise pollution.

155.                      Discuss various sources of marine pollution. How can you prevent pollution of our oceans?

156.                      What do you understand by the term thermal pollution? Discuss various effects and control measures of thermal pollution.

157.                      What are major sources of soil pollution? How does soil pollution affect soil productivity? What measures can be taken to prevent soil pollution?

158.                      What are Agrochemicals? How do they effect our environment? Describe their role in soil and water pollution and suggest alternatives.

159.                      Describe solid wastes and discuss in brief the control measures of urban and industrial wastes.

160.                      What is pollution? Describe the role of an individual in prevention of pollution.

161.                      What is radioactive pollution? Describe its hazards in the light of a nuclear disaster.

162.                      Write short note on any three of the following:
(a) Primary and secondary pollutants
(b) Effects of noise pollution
(c) Eutrophication
(d) Salination
(e) Biomagnification

163.                      Describe the following terms:
(a) Oil spill
(b) Weedicides
(c) Pesticides
(d) Chloro Fluoro Carbons (CFCs’)
(e) PAN
(f) Photochemical smog

164.                      Define “Sustainable Development”.

165.                      What do you mean by raw water harvesting?

166.                      What are environmental ethics?

167.                      Define ‘Acid Rain’. Give its composition.

168.                      Define Wasteland reclamation.

169.                      What are watersheds?

170.                      What are green house gases?

171.                      Name the green house gases present in the atmosphere.

172.                      What is formal and informal education?

173.                      What the effects of Global warming?

174.                      How is ozone layer depleted?

175.                      What is meant by the term wasteland?

176.                      Name some Non-Government organisations related to environment.

177.                      What causes waste lands?

178.                      What do you mean by rain water harvesting?

179.                      What is sustainable development? Describe the steps for sustainable development.

180.                      What is rain water harvesting? Discuss its significance.

181.                      Write about the depletion of ozone layer and its adverse effects.

182.                      What are environmental ethics? List them.

183.                      List measures to check global warming.

184.                      What do you understand by nuclear accidents and nuclear explosions?

185.                      Define acid rain, its composition and ill effects.

186.                      How does ozone layer protect us?

187.                      Write explanatory notes on:
(a) Green house effects
(b) Ecomark
(c) Ozone hole
(d) Watershed Management.

188.                      Mention the objectives of Wild Life Protection Act, 1972.

189.                      What are the urban problems related to energy?

190.                      Discuss consumerism and waste products in relation to developed and developing countries.

191.                      How can public awareness be created among people?

192.                      What is the issues involved in enforcement of environment legislation.

193.                      What is environment protection Act 1986 and discuss it in detail.

194.                      Define global warming. Explain the causes and ill effects of global warming.

195.                      What is ozone layer? Give its significance. What are the causes and ill effects of depletion of the ozone layer?

196.                      What is wasteland? Describe the causes of its formation and its reclamation practices.

197.                      Write short note on:
(a) Water Act, 1974
(b) Environmental Protection Act, 1986.

198.                      Describe the important means of water conservation.

199.                      Discuss the problems and concerns of resettlement and rehabilitation of people as a result of development projects.

200.                      Discuss Air (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act, 1981.

201.                      What is meant by ozone shield? How CFC’s affects ozone shield?

202.                      Discuss some case studies of Rehabilitation of displaced people as a result large projects.

203.                      How can public awareness about environmental be created among people?

204.                      Define population.

205.                      What are the two main causes of population explosion in India?

206.                      What is the full form of AIDS?

207.                      Name the species to which human beings belong.

208.                      What was the human population at the beginning of 20th century?

209.                      Why 11th July in observed as World Population Day?

210.                      Define biotic potential.

211.                      What is population growth?

212.                      What do you mean by value education?

213.                      What is Natality and Mortality?

214.                      What is demography?

215.                      What is the full name of HIV?

216.                      What is zero population growth?

217.                      What is maximum carrying capacity?

218.                      What is human population of India and China at Present?

219.                      Give a concise account of various characteristics of a population of organisms.

220.                      Write Short notes on:
(a) Age Structure
(b) Population Growth Curve
(c) National Human Rights Commission.

221.                      What is the difference between:
(a) Natality and Mortality
(b) S-shaped Growth Curve and J-shaped Growth Curve.

222.                      Describe J-shaped growth curve with the help of a diagram.

223.                      Describe S-shaped growth curve with the help of a diagram.

224.                      What the preventive measures for population explosion?

225.                      Discuss the components of value education.

226.                      What is the importance of value education?

227.                      What are the objectives of human rights?

228.                      What are the sources of AIDS? What are the methods to control the disease?

229.                      Discuss the family planning welfare and family planning movement in Indian context.

230.                      What is meant by population explosion? Discuss the Indian-scenario.

231.                      What is Universal Declaration of Human Rights? What is the importance of Human Rights?

232.                      Discuss the various issues and measures for woman and child welfare.

233.                      Briefly discuss AIDS, Its mode of transmission, symptoms and prevention methods.

234.                      Discuss the role of information technology in the Environment.

235.                      Discuss the objectives and guiding principles of environmental education with reference to India.

236.                      What are the high lights of children welfares? Give some programmes initiated by Indian Government for children welfare.

237.                      Discuss the role of information technology in the human health.

238.                      Write short notes on:
(a) Consequences of over population
(b) Population trends in India
(c) Human rights.

 

 

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